목조주택, 화재에 안전한가?
나무로 지은 집은 과연 화재에 안전한가?
이문제에 대해서는 개인적으로 하고 싶은 말이 너무도 많아
막상 정리해서 말해보려니 오히려 막막하다.
예비 건축주분이 제일 먼저 물어보시는 건 평당 시공단가이고
두번 째가 화재에 대한 염려다.
흔히 집 전체가 나무로 지어지기 때문에 조그마한 부주의에도 쉽게 불이 붙고
일단 불이 나면 성냥개비처럼 순식간에 다 타 없어져 재만 남는건 아닌지 불안해하신다.
그런 질문에 난 이렇게 대답한다.
"맞습니다. 나무니까 당연히 불에 잘타죠." 그럼 대게 눈을 동그랗게 뜨고 쳐다보신다.
'이거 미친놈이구나.' 뭐, 이런 뜻이리라.
탄소소재인 나무는 태생적으로 불에 약한 단점을 가지고 있다.
그럼에도 목조주택이 일반화 되어 있는 폴란드나 미국에서
목조주택의 화재보험료가 여타의 주택-조적조,철근콘크리트,스틸보다 저렴한데
왜일까? 그 나라의 보험회사는 모두 바보들일까?
보험회사가 보상하는 내용은 크게 물적피해에 대한 보상과 인명피해에 대한 보상으로 나눌 수 있는데
전자보다 후자에 대한 보상금액이 훨씬 높을것이라는 건 쉽게 짐작할 수 있다.
이제 조금 짐작이 가시는지..
그렇다. 목조주택은 화재시 인명피해 발생확율이 상대적으로 낮기 때문에 보험료도 저렴한것이다.
우리는 흔히, 화재시 안전성을 건축자재의 불연성과 혼동하고 있다.
주택의 화재는 건축자재가 아니라 실내공간의 가연성 재료-옷,이불,커튼,가구 등 으로부터 시작되어
확산된다.
화재로 발생하는 인명피해는 대부분 화재 초기 내장재가 연소하면서 발생하는 유독가스와 연기에 의해 발생하고 화재가 확산되면 건물의 붕괴에 의해 대형 참사가 일어나다.
따라서 화재시 안정성이란 문제에서 포커스를 맞출 곳은 건축자재의 불연성이 아니다.
어짜피 화재는 내부의 가연성 물질들에서 발생하였고 중요한 것은 인명이 대피할 시간적 여유만큼
화재의 확산이 지연되는가와 화재를 진압할 시간적 여유만큼 건물의 붕괴가 방지되는가이다.
섹션 1. 목조주택의 화염 확산방지 대책
앞서 말한것처럼 나무는 불에 약하다.
그래서 화재의 확산방지라는 측면에서 목조주택은 두가지 보완책을 마련하고 있다.
# 높은 함수율로 인해 상당한 양의 열기를 흡수하는 석고로 내부마감을 한다.
-시공 방식에 따라 20분에서 1시간 가량 화염의 확산을 지연시킨다.
석고시공이 단순히 도배 등의 내부 인테리어를 하기 쉽도록 평활면을 제공하는 것이
아님에도 소홀히 시공되는 장면을 많이 목격했다. 내화성을 지닌 나사못으로 시공해야
화염에 석고보드가 탈락되지 않는데 시공의 편의를 위해 본드를 바르고 스테플러 타카로 고정하는
현장이 대부분이다. 이런 집에 만약 화재가 발생한다면 스테플러 심이 금새 녹아내려
석고보드가 탈락되는 것이다. 아찔하다.
# 산소를 차단해 자연진화되도록 방화구획으로 분할된 구조로 골조를 시공한다.
-목조주택의 구조는 밀폐공간으로 공간이 분할되어 있어서 화염과 열기의 확산이 지연된다.
초등학교에서 배웠듯이 불이 발생하려면 3가지 요소가 필요하다.
가연물과 열, 그리고 공기가 필요한데 이중 한 가지만 제거되도 불은 자연 소멸된다.
목조주택은 각 공간을 구획하는 수평,수직의 분할면들이 독립된 밀폐공간을 구성하고 있어서
불이 붙더라도 산소부족으로 소멸되어 화염의 확산이 어려운 구조로 되어있다.
이 또한 중요한 부분이지만 국내의 목조주택 현실은 아직 이부분에 있어서 인식이 부족한 정도가 아니라 무지하다. 파이어스톱을 아는 설계자나 목수도 드물거니와 알고있어도 저단가 시공을 강요받고 있는 상황 속에서 보이지 않느 부분에
자재와 품을 들여 시공하기는 어려운 현실이다.
이처럼 목조주택은 화재시 인명 대피와 진화작업에 충분한 시간을 제공받을 수 있는 안전한 집입니다.
한 마디 덧붙이자면 화재가 진압된 후 철근콘크리트주택은 붕괴되지 않았더라도
구조적 안전때문에 철거하고 신축해야 하지만
목조주택에 사시는 분은 내장 등, 보수공사만 하시면 재입주하실 수 있습니다.
나무로 지어진 집이 화재에 강하고 더 안전하다는 사실.
어찌보면 넌센스같습니다.
이제, 미국이나 유럽의 보험회사들이 바보가 아닌걸 아셨나요...?
섹션 2.에서는 화재에 대한 목재의 물성 특징을 중심으로 붕괴방지 측면 을 살펴보고
지난달에 목조인들이 눈물 흘릴만큼 감동적으로 접했던 경량목구조주택의 내화성능 인증 소식을 전하겠습니다.
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