미국 남부소나무 제재목-2
가압 방부처리목
남부소나무는 약제 처리가 용이하기 때문에 가압 방부처리가 요구되는 용도에 가장 적합한 수종으로 인식되어 왔다. 남부소나무만의 독특한 세포 구조로 인하여 방부 약제가 깊이 균일하게 침투할 수 있으며 이를 통하여 목재 성분이 부후균, 흰개미 및 기타 미생물의 먹이가 되는 것을 효과적으로 방지할 수 있다.
대부분의 목재 수종들에게는 방부약제의 침투가 어렵기 때문에 목재 표면에 목리방향을 따라서 가늘고 작은 흠집을 내는 인 사이징 처리가 먼저 되어야 한다. 남부소나무는 인사이징 처리 없이도 미국목재방부협회(American Wood Preservers' Association(AWPA))의 표준가지 방부처리할 수 있는 몇 안되는 수종들 중의 하나이다.
대부분의 골조용 목재에 대하여는 수용성 방부제가 적당하다. 이러한 약제처리는 깨끗하고 냄새가 없으며 도장이 가능하고 정착제 없이도 실내 및 실외용으로 사용할 수 있도록 미국환경보호청(American Environment Protection Agency(EPA))에 의하여 공인되어 있다. 가장 널리 사용되고 있는 수용성 방부제는 CCA(Chromated Copper Arsentate)로 알려져 있다.
일반적으로 건축법에서는 다음 용도들에 대하여 가압 방부처리목이나 천연적으로 내구성이 있는 목재를 사용하도록 요구하고 있다.
■ 지면으로부터 457mm이상 떨어져 있지 않은 목재 장선이나 장선이 없는 구조용 바닥의 밑면.
■ 지면으로부터 305mm 이내의 거리에 있는 목재 큰 보.
■ 지면에 바로 접해 있는 콘크리트 또는 벽돌조 위에 설치되는 깔도리, 토대 및 받침목.
■ 외기에 노출되어 있고 수분 침투가 가능한 지붕 및 바닥을 지지하며 방습지로 분리되어 있지 않은 목재 부재.
■ 기초벽 위에 설치되며 지면에서 203mm이내의 거리에 있는 외벽덮개를 포함한 목재 골조 부재.
비고: 밀폐 구조 내에 사용되는 경우에는 영구 밀폐시 함수율이 19% 이하이어야 한다.
■ 자료집에 수록된 설계치는 그대로 방부 처리목에 적용되지만 오랜 기간 동안 함수율이 19%를 초과하는 경우에는 습윤사용인자 CM을 곱하여야 한다.
■ 쇠의 부식을 방지하기 위하여 아연도금못 또는 스텐레스 304 또는 306 못과 철물이 사용되어야 한다.
■ 방부처리목은 무처리목과 동일한 방법으로 저장 및 관리되어야 한다. 방부처리는 정상적인 목재의 수축과 팽윤에 영향을 주지 않는다.
■ 가능하면 모든 절단이나 구멍 뚫기 작업은 방부처리 전에 이루어져야 한다. 그러나 현장 작업이 필요한 경우에는 모든 절단면과 구멍에 구리나프텐(copper naphthenate)용액을 발라주어야 한다.
방부처리 방법
가압 방부처리 남부소나무는 주의 깊게 관리되고 조정되는 과정에 의한 생산품이다. CCA 약재는 밀폐된 용기 안에서 압력을 받으면서 목재 세포 내에 강제 주입된다. 주입된 약제는 목재 세포조직과 화학반응에 의한 결합을 함으로써 용해되지 않는다. 50년 이상의 용해성 시험 결과 형성된 화학 결합물의 불용성이 입증되었다.
가압 용기에서 빠져 나온 후 건조 과정 중에 화학적 고정이 일어나서 방부약제가 목재 섬유 내에 영구적으로 고착된다. 이러한 과정은 이미 처리 작업에서부터 시작된 것이다. 완전한 고정에 소요되는 시간은 주변 온도와 습도에 따라서 수시간에서 수일까지 걸리며 이러한 주변 환경은 공장의 입지와 1년 중 작업 시기에 의하여 영향을 받는다.
접착제, 도료 및 착색제
비록 방부처리목이 부후균, 곰팡이 및 흰개미로부터 보호된 재료지만 건물의 환공 후에 모든 노출된 목재 표면에 대한 방수 정착제의 처리가 권장된다. 이러한 정착제 처리는 표면 할열의 발생을 줄이고 아름다운 외형을 유지하는데 도움이 된다. 일정한 기간마다 정착제를 다시 발라줄 필요가 있으며 1년이나 2년마다 한번씩 다시 칠하거나 또는 제조업체에서 제공하는 사용 방법에 따른다.
새로 나온 CCA 제품들 중에서는 이미 방수제나 착색제가 함유된 것들도 있다. CCA제품들은 여러 가지 제품명으로 시판되고 있으며 이 제품들은 실제 작품들의 제작에 편이함과 함께 적절한 외관을 제공한다. 특별한 처리재를 원할 경우에는 이 제품들을 구할 수 있는지 자재 공급업체와 상의하여야 한다.
가압 방부처리 제재목은 자연적으로 여러달에 걸쳐 눈에 띠는 은회색으로 서서히 변화한다. 방부처리 제재목에 도장이나 착색을 원할 경우에는 무처리 남부소나무와 비슷하게 마감 도장될 수 있다. 가장 중요한 것은 남부소나무 목재에 마감 도장을 실시하기 전에 목재는 반드시 건조되어야 한다는 점이다. 만약에 방부처리 후 인공 건조되지 않은 제재목이 건축에 사용되었다면 건축 후 1주일~2개월 경과한 후에 착색이나 도장 작업을 실시하도록 착색제와 도료 제조업체들은 권장하고 있다.
재부분의 도료 제조업체들은 남부소나무 방부처리재에서 최상의 마감을 얻기 위하여는 고급 아크릴라텍스도료를 2회 도장하도록 권장하고 있다. 어떠한 도장 방법을 적용하던지 도료 또는 착색제 제조업체들의 사용 안내서를 준수하여야 한다. 갑판, 중정원 및 난간의 외기에 노출된 수평 목재표면은 마모와 노후에 대한 노출이 심하기 때문에 적절하게 도장 처리하기가 어렵다. 고품질의 반투명 또는 불투명 착색제는 목재 내부로 침투하여 쉽게 벗겨지거나 갈라지는 표층 도막을 형성하지 않는다. 이 착색제들의 색상은 방부약제의 원색상인 녹색에 의하여 영향을 받을 것이다.
방부약제의 잔류량은 용도에 적합하여야 한다.
미국목재방부협회(American Wood Preservers' Association(AWPA))는 방부처리 목재의 용도에 따라서 각기 다른 방부약제 잔류량의 기준을 정하였다.
잔류량은 가압 처리 작업이 완료된 후에 세포 조직 내에 남아있는 방부약제의 양을 의미한다. 잔류량은 목재의 단위 부피(1ft3)당 방부약제의 양(1b)으로 표현된다. 이 숫자가 더 커질수록 그 목재가 더 가혹한 외기 조건에 노출될 수 있음을 의미한다. AWPA는 CCA 방부처리 제재목과 합판에 대하여 다음의 잔류량 기준을 제시하고 있다.
만약 지상 또는 지면 접촉 부위에 방부처리 남부소나무를 사용하고자 하는 경우에는 각각의 제재목에 찍혀있는 방부처리 등급인 또는 꼬리표를 확인하여야 한다. 지상(above ground) 표시는 지면접촉(ground contact) 표시는 지면과 접촉하거나 땅에 묻히는 용도로 사용될 수 있음을 의미한다.
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